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Accounting for Governmental and Nonprofit Organizations
by Patton, Patton, Ives
ISBN: 978-1-61853-264-0 | Copyright 2019
TabsWelcome to the first edition of Accounting for Governmental and Nonprofit Organizations!
With extensive experience in teaching, working at all three levels of government, setting accounting standards, and auditing financial statements, we know that accounting standards have become increasingly complex in an increasingly complex world. Therefore, we wrote this text on governmental and nonprofit financial accounting and reporting with one key objective: to make it easy to read and understand. To accomplish this objective, we followed this general approach: discuss the accounting principle, show the journal entry, provide an illustration.
We attempt to cover the basic accounting and financial reporting principles in as comprehensive a manner as possible. To keep the text practical and “real world,” we enhanced the discussion of the principles with numerous illustrations drawn from financial reports prepared by actual governments and nonprofit organizations. We cover the latest accounting standards issued by the standards-setting bodies. Finally, we designed the end-of-chapter questions, exercises, problems, and cases specifically to help students better understand the material covered in the text.
Target Audience
This text is written for college students (both accounting and public administration majors) and for practitioners. To permit use by different types of readers, its 15 chapters cover not only the specialized financial accounting and reporting standards applicable to the governmental and nonprofit sectors, but also the basic processes of business-type accounting. Those who have not had a course in basic accounting or who need a brief refresher can start with Chapter 15 (Fundamentals of Accounting) and draw selectively on the governmental, nonprofit, health care, and financial statement analysis chapters. Because of its flexibility, this text can be used by all of the following:
1. Accounting majors who wish to learn the fundamentals of governmental and nonprofit accounting in either a full semester or less than a full semester undergraduate course
2. Public administration majors who have had no previous accounting training but who need a basic understanding of general, governmental, nonprofit, and health care accounting; financial reporting; and financial statement analysis
3. Persons employed by governments and nonprofit organizations, including the federal government, health care entities, colleges and universities, and voluntary health and welfare organizations
4. Persons preparing for the Uniform Certified Public Accountant (CPA) examination, Certified Government Financial Manager (CGFM) examination, and civil service examinations
5. Persons who wish, on their own, to learn about the financial accounting and reporting practices of governments and nonprofit organizations
Flexible Structure
This text allows an instructor to tailor the course to meet his or her course objectives. An instructor has flexibility in choosing both the topics that are covered and the amount of time devoted to a particular topic. Instructors of students with little or no accounting background should begin with Chapter 15, which provides a practice-oriented approach to learning basic accounting concepts. Chapters 1 through 10 focus on applying state and local governmental accounting and financial reporting principles. Chapter 11 allows students to use financial statements, financial ratios, and information obtained from the internet to analyze a government’s financial health. This should be of particular interest to instructors of public administration students as well as governmental accounting students that wish to learn how to use financial statements. Chapter 12 provides an overview of federal government accounting and financial reporting. Chapters 13 and 14 will be of particular interest to instructors that wish to focus more attention on nongovernmental entities. The focus of Chapter 13 is nonprofit organizations, and the focus of Chapter 14 is nonprofit and governmental health care organizations. The following table provides a possible approach to a governmental and nonprofit accounting course of varying
lengths.
This approach should provide students with a sufficient understanding of state and local government and nonprofit accounting and financial reporting to prepare for the CPA exam.
Real-World Situations Illustrate the Application of Theory
To prepare for the practice of accounting, auditing, and financial management, students must be able to visualize the application of accounting theory to real-world situations. Therefore, we use illustrations based on financial statements issued by actual governments and nonprofit organizations. For example,
1. Throughout the text we use the financial statements of governments and nonprofit organizations to illustrate governmental transactions, events, use of funds, and financial reporting. For example, we used the notes to the financial statements of the American Museum of Natural History to illustrate accounting for collections held by museums; the financial statements of New York’s Metropolitan Transportation Authority to illustrate how various types of subsidies are reported by governmental enterprises; and the notes to Agnes Scott College’s financial statements to show how colleges and universities account for some of the more complex contributions they receive.
2. To enliven the text, we include a special feature that we call Governmental (or Nonprofit) Accounting in Practice or Federal Financial Reporting in Practice. For example, our detailed discussion of the financial status of Social Security helps illustrate the extensive amount of detail provided in the annual financial report prepared by the United States government; and our discussion of the procedures used by Charity Navigator to assess the financial performance of nonprofit entities helps illustrate the nature of the data provided in nonprofit financial statements.
User-Friendly Discussion of Modified Accrual Basis of Accounting
Governmental accounting is generally taught after students have learned the theory of accrual accounting and the journal entries needed to record accrual-related transactions and events. Because of this, some students have difficulty grasping both the concepts underlying the modified accrual basis/financial resources measurement focus used in governmental-type funds and the accounting and financial reporting implications. Therefore, Chapters 2 and 4 introduce the topic and Chapter 5 reinforces and expands upon the earlier discussion.
Chapter 5 contains extensive discussion of why modified accrual accounting is used, the basic principles of modified accrual accounting, and—in a Governmental Accounting in Practice illustration—a discussion of how financial statements prepared using modified accrual accounting can mislead the unwary reader because modified accrual does not always measure the economic substance of transactions and events. We believe our frank coverage of the subject—and the classroom discussion it should foster—will help the student better understand it. Chapter 5 also includes detailed discussion of the accounting entries needed to record transactions and events under modified accrual accounting, and a comprehensive end-of-chapter illustration that covers the entire accounting and financial reporting cycle, including many exercises, and problems.
New Accounting Standards
Keeping an accounting text up-to-date can be challenging because accounting standards-setters are invariably working on new standards while the text is being written. This edition takes account of all standards issued by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board through GASB Statement No. 87 and even refers to statements in progress while the text was being written.
Coverage of Other Types of Entities
Although most of this text (Chapters 2 through 10) is devoted to state and local government accounting, we provide extensive coverage of the unique aspects of accounting and financial reporting for the federal government and nonprofit entities, including nonprofit hospitals. In Chapter 12 (federal government), we cite specific references to the government’s Standard General Ledger. Exploring the citations included in this chapter will give students greater insight into federal government finances; our Federal Financial Reporting in Practice provides an accounting perspective on the growth of the federal deficit.
We also include illustrations for the material covered in the chapters on nonprofit organizations. These illustrations and related discussion conform to the new FASB standards for nonprofits issued in August 2016.
Actual Financial Statements Analyzed
Accounting and public administration students need to understand not only how accounting information is gathered and reported, but also how it is used. Therefore, the chapter on financial statement analysis (Chapter 14) includes a discussion of the principles of financial statement analysis and is supplemented with our own analysis of a real government. As a basis for analyzing the government's financial position, we used “indicators” and “norms” developed by private and public oversight agencies. Our objective here is to provide the inquisitive student with sufficient data to “do it yourself.”
Continuing Problem
This text has a “continuing problem” for instructors who like to reinforce the discussion of accounting principles with problems that carry throughout the text. The continuing problem includes assignments for four governmental funds. Assignments for the continuing problem appear at the end of Chapters 3, 5, 6, 9, and 10—going from budgetary accounting to the preparation of fund and government-wide financial statements.
Reviews for Each Learning Objective
Governmental and nonprofit accounting can be difficult for students who have been exposed only to commercial accounting. To help students comprehend the governmental and nonprofit accounting concepts, a guided example is included with each learning objective. The guided examples allow students to do an exercise that reinforces the accounting concept or application discussed in that section. Answers for the guided examples are provided at the end of each chapter, and a corresponding Guided Example video where the authors explain the thought process used to solve the review is available on our online homework platform, myBusinessCourse.
Case Study
Each chapter's end of chapter content includes a case study featuring a real-world governmental accounting scenario that requires students to access reports and complete a series of requirements.
Online Content
The following online content is available through Cambridge Business Publishers’ online homework platform, myBusinessCourse (www.mybusinesscourse.com):
- eLecture videos cover each chapter’s learning objectives and concepts. Consistent with the text and created by the authors, these videos are ideal for online learning and review, as well as online instruction.
- Guided Examples are narrated video demonstrations created by the authors that show students how to solve the in-chapter Reviews.
- Auto-graded homework and test bank questions for easy assignment, quiz, and test creation. Grades feed to your instructor gradebook with immediate results.
- eBook version that is HTML-based, our eBook can be viewed on any Internet-enabled device regardless of operating system. Features include:
- Integrated eLectures and Guided Examples
- Bookmarking
- Note taking
Visit www.cambridgepub.com to test drive our eBooks by clicking on the book cover.
Introducing myBusinessCourse
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| LO | Learning Objective | Topics | Page | eLecture | Guided Example | Assignments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LO3-1 |
Understand the financial management implications of the budget enactment laws and processes. |
3-3 | Q1, 2, 3, 4, 7; E27 |
||
| LO3-2 |
Calculate the property tax millage rate. |
3-9 | Q5, 6; MC17; E22, 23 |
||
| LO3-3 |
Understand the financial management implications of the budget execution laws and processes. |
3-11 | Q9; MC18 |
||
| LO3-4 |
Structure the accounts to meet budgeting and financial reporting needs. |
3-13 | Q8, 12, 13; MC16 |
||
| LO3-5 |
Prepare journal entries to record the adopted budget and subsequent revisions. |
3-16 | Q10, 11; E23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, P34, 36, 38 | ||
| LO3-6 |
Prepare journal entries to record encumbrances and related expenditures. |
3-19 | Q14, 15; MC19, 21; E30, 31, 33; P34, 36, 38 | ||
| LO3-7 |
Prepare revenues and appropriations subsidiary ledgers. |
3-21 | MC20; E32; P35, 37, 39 |
| Expand/Collapse All | |
|---|---|
| About the Authors (pg. iii) | |
| Preface (pg. iv) | |
| Brief Contents (pg. x) | |
| Contents (pg. xi) | |
| Chapter 1: Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting Environment and Characteristics (pg. 1-1) | |
| Governmental and Nonprofit Organizations (pg. 1-3) | |
| The Operating Environment (pg. 1-4) | |
| Organizational Purposes (pg. 1-4) | |
| Sources of Revenue and Relationship with Stakeholders (pg. 1-4) | |
| Potential for Longevity (pg. 1-5) | |
| Role of the Budget and Legal Requirements (pg. 1-5) | |
| Users and Uses of Accounting Information (pg. 1-6) | |
| Objectives of Financial Reporting (pg. 1-7) | |
| State and Local Government Financial Reporting (pg. 1-7) | |
| Federal Government Financial Reporting (pg. 1-7) | |
| Nonprofit Organization Financial Reporting (pg. 1-8) | |
| Distinctive Accounting and Financial Reporting Characteristics (pg. 1-8) | |
| Use of Fund Accounting (pg. 1-8) | |
| Incorporation of Budgets into Accounting Systems (pg. 1-9) | |
| Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting (pg. 1-9) | |
| Entity-Wide and Fund-Level Reporting (pg. 1-9) | |
| Financial Reporting of Restricted Resources (pg. 1-10) | |
| Accounting Principles and Standards (pg. 1-10) | |
| Establishing Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (pg. 1-10) | |
| Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (pg. 1-11) | |
| Organization of This Textbook (pg. 1-13) | |
|  Questions (pg. 1-13) | |
| Multiple Choice  (pg. 1-14) | |
|  Exercises (pg. 1-15) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 1 In-Chapter Review Questions  (pg. 1-16) | |
| Chapter 2: The Use of Funds in Governmental Accounting (pg. 2-1) | |
| Fund Accounting—The Fund Categories (pg. 2-3) | |
| Funds as Subdivisions of an Entity (pg. 2-3) | |
| Why Governments Use Fund Accounting (pg. 2-4) | |
| Fund Categories (pg. 2-5) | |
| Financial Reporting with the Use of Funds (pg. 2-6) | |
| Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting (pg. 2-7) | |
| Governmental-Type Funds (pg. 2-9) | |
| Measurement Focus, Basis of Accounting, and Financial Reporting (pg. 2-10) | |
| General Fund (pg. 2-13) | |
| Special Revenue Funds (pg. 2-16) | |
| Capital Projects Funds (pg. 2-16) | |
| Debt Service Funds (pg. 2-17) | |
| Permanent Funds (pg. 2-18) | |
| Proprietary Type Funds (pg. 2-19) | |
| Enterprise Funds (pg. 2-20) | |
| Internal Service Funds (pg. 2-20) | |
| Reporting on Proprietary Type Funds (pg. 2-20) | |
| Fiduciary Type Funds (pg. 2-24) | |
| Pension (and Other Employee Benefit) Trust Funds (pg. 2-24) | |
| Investment Trust Funds (pg. 2-25) | |
| Private-Purpose Trust Funds (pg. 2-25) | |
| Custodial Funds (pg. 2-25) | |
| Reporting on Fiduciary Type Funds (pg. 2-26) | |
| Questions  (pg. 2-28) | |
| Multiple Choice  (pg. 2-28) | |
|  Exercises (pg. 2-31) | |
|  Problems (pg. 2-33) | |
| Chapter 2 Case Study  (pg. 2-36) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 2 In-Chapter Review Questions  (pg. 2-36) | |
| Chapter 3: Budgetary Considerations in Governmental Accounting (pg. 3-1) | |
| Balanced Budget Laws (pg. 3-3) | |
| Budgetary Types and Approaches (pg. 3-4) | |
| General Fund and Special Revenue Fund Budgets (pg. 3-5) | |
| Capital Budgets and Plans (pg. 3-5) | |
| Budgetary Approaches (pg. 3-5) | |
| The Budget Process—Enactment Phase (pg. 3-6) | |
| Illustrations of Budget Documents (pg. 3-7) | |
| Service Efforts and Accomplishments (pg. 3-8) | |
| Financing the Budget (pg. 3-9) | |
| Raising Revenues (pg. 3-9) | |
| Preparing Cash Forecasts to Determine Temporary Borrowing Needs (pg. 3-10) | |
| The Budget Process—Execution Phase (pg. 3-11) | |
| Classifying Revenues and Expenditures (pg. 3-13) | |
| Revenue Classification (pg. 3-13) | |
| Expenditure Classification (pg. 3-15) | |
| Budgetary Accounting (pg. 3-16) | |
| Recording the Adopted Budget (pg. 3-16) | |
| Recording Budgetary Interchanges and Other Revisions (pg. 3-17) | |
| Recording Encumbrances (pg. 3-19) | |
| Recording Differences between Purchase Order and Invoice (pg. 3-20) | |
| Allotment Systems (pg. 3-21) | |
| Detailed Illustration (pg. 3-21) | |
| Questions  (pg. 3-26) | |
| Multiple Choice  (pg. 3-26) | |
|  Exercises (pg. 3-27) | |
| Problems  (pg. 3-30) | |
| Continuing Problem  (pg. 3-32) | |
|  Chapter 3 Case Study—Central Falls Bankruptcy (pg. 3-33) | |
|  Solutions to Chapter 3 In-Chapter Review Questions (pg. 3-35) | |
| Chapter 4: An Introduction to General and Special Revenue Funds (pg. 4-1) | |
| Background (pg. 4-3) | |
| The General Fund (pg. 4-3) | |
| Special Revenue Funds (pg. 4-4) | |
| Revenue and Expenditure Recognition (pg. 4-5) | |
| Short-Term Financing and Investing (pg. 4-6) | |
| Basic Entries in General and Special Revenue Funds (pg. 4-7) | |
| The Scenario and the Budgets (pg. 4-7) | |
| Transactions and Events and Resulting Journal Entries (pg. 4-8) | |
| Fund Financial Statements (pg. 4-14) | |
| Closing the Accounts (pg. 4-16) | |
| Control Accounts and Subsidiary Ledgers (pg. 4-17) | |
| Concluding Comments (pg. 4-18) | |
|  Questions (pg. 4-19) | |
|  Multiple Choice (pg. 4-19) | |
|  Exercises (pg. 4-21) | |
|  Problems (pg. 4-23) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 4 In-Chapter Review Questions  (pg. 4-26) | |
| Chapter 5: General and Special Revenue Funds (Continued) (pg. 5-1) | |
| Recognition and Measurement—General Principles (pg. 5-3) | |
| Property Tax Revenues and Receivables (pg. 5-6) | |
| Basic Principles and Journal Entries (pg. 5-6) | |
| Year-End Adjustments (pg. 5-7) | |
| Summary Results, Prior Year Tax Levy, and Subsequent Year Transactions (pg. 5-8) | |
| Tax Discounts (pg. 5-9) | |
| Interest on Delinquent Taxes and Tax Liens (pg. 5-9) | |
| Sales Tax and Personal Income Tax Revenues and Receivables (pg. 5-11) | |
| Intergovernmental Grants and Other Revenues (pg. 5-13) | |
| Intergovernmental Grants (pg. 5-13) | |
| Fines, Fees, Licenses, and Miscellaneous Revenues (pg. 5-15) | |
| Payments in Lieu of Taxes (pg. 5-15) | |
| Expenditures and Fund Liabilities (pg. 5-16) | |
| Recognizing Expenditures and Liabilities in Governmental Funds (pg. 5-16) | |
| Applying Expenditure Recognition Standards to Specific Transactions and Events (pg. 5-17) | |
| Interfund Transactions (pg. 5-20) | |
| Interfund Services Provided and Used (pg. 5-20) | |
| Interfund Transfers (pg. 5-21) | |
| Interfund Loans (pg. 5-22) | |
| Interfund Reimbursements (pg. 5-23) | |
| Other Accounting Matters (pg. 5-24) | |
| Acquiring and Disposing of Capital Assets (pg. 5-24) | |
| Inventories and Prepayments (pg. 5-25) | |
| Warrants (pg. 5-27) | |
| Year-End Financial Statements (pg. 5-27) | |
| Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance (pg. 5-27) | |
| Balance Sheet (pg. 5-28) | |
| Classifications of Fund Balance in the Balance Sheet (pg. 5-29) | |
| Effect of Year-End Encumbrances on Fund Balance Classification (pg. 5-31) | |
| Comprehensive Problem on the General Fund (pg. 5-33) | |
| The Problem (pg. 5-33) | |
| The Solution to the Problem (pg. 5-36) | |
| Closing Journal Entries (pg. 5-43) | |
| Questions  (pg. 5-44) | |
| Multiple Choice  (pg. 5-44) | |
| Exercises  (pg. 5-46) | |
|  Problems (pg. 5-49) | |
| Continuing Problem  (pg. 5-52) | |
|  Solutions to Chapter 5 In-Chapter Review Questions (pg. 5-53) | |
| Chapter 6: Capital Projects Funds, Debt Service Funds, and Permanent Funds (pg. 6-1) | |
| Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting (pg. 6-3) | |
| Capital Projects Funds (pg. 6-4) | |
| Overview (pg. 6-4) | |
| Capital Budgets (pg. 6-4) | |
| Summary of Fund Activities (pg. 6-5) | |
| Control of Fund Activities (pg. 6-5) | |
| Accounting for Fund Activities (pg. 6-5) | |
| Financial Statements Illustration (pg. 6-9) | |
| Completing the Project: The Following Year (pg. 6-10) | |
| Issuance of Bonds at a Premium or Discount (pg. 6-12) | |
| Issuance of Bonds between Interest Payment Dates (pg. 6-13) | |
| Arbitrage (pg. 6-13) | |
| Debt Service Funds (pg. 6-15) | |
| Overview (pg. 6-15) | |
| Types of Government Debt (pg. 6-16) | |
| Summary of Fund Activities (pg. 6-18) | |
| Control of Fund Activities (pg. 6-18) | |
| Accounting for Fund Activities (pg. 6-18) | |
| Financial Statements Illustration (pg. 6-22) | |
| Leased Assets (pg. 6-25) | |
| Permanent Funds (pg. 6-27) | |
| Control of Fund Activities (pg. 6-27) | |
| Accounting for Fund Activities (pg. 6-27) | |
| Concluding Comment (pg. 6-29) | |
| Questions  (pg. 6-30) | |
|  Multiple Choice (pg. 6-31) | |
|  Exercises (pg. 6-33) | |
|  Problems (pg. 6-35) | |
| Continuing Problem  (pg. 6-40) | |
| Chapter 6 Case Study—Having Faith in “Full Faith and Credit” Debt  (pg. 6-40) | |
|  Solutions to Chapter 6 In-Chapter Review Questions (pg. 6-41) | |
| Chapter 7: Proprietary Type Funds—Enterprise and Internal Service Funds (pg. 7-1) | |
| Proprietary Funds Are Goveranments’ Business-Type Activities (pg. 7-3) | |
| Overview (pg. 7-3) | |
| Measurement Focus and Basis of Accounting of Proprietary Funds (pg. 7-3) | |
| What Determines Whether a Proprietary Fund Is an Enterprise Fund or an Internal Service Fund? (pg. 7-4) | |
| Control of Proprietary Fund Activities (pg. 7-4) | |
| GAAP for Proprietary Funds (pg. 7-4) | |
| Required Financial Statements (pg. 7-4) | |
| Specific Aspects of Internal Service Funds (pg. 7-6) | |
| Overview (pg. 7-6) | |
| Control of Internal Service Fund Activities (pg. 7-7) | |
| Accounting for Internal Service Fund Activities (pg. 7-7) | |
| Reporting Internal Service Funds—Financial Statements Illustration (pg. 7-10) | |
| Reporting Internal Service Funds in Combined Financial Statements (pg. 7-12) | |
| Specific Aspects of Enterprise Funds (pg. 7-15) | |
| Control of Enterprise Fund Activities (pg. 7-15) | |
| Accounting for Enterprise Fund Activities (pg. 7-15) | |
| Financial Statements Illustration (pg. 7-19) | |
| Enterprise Fund Use of Special Assessments (pg. 7-21) | |
| GASB GAAP Compared to FASB GAAP (pg. 7-26) | |
| Why Should GAAP Be Different? (pg. 7-26) | |
| Reporting Capital Assets and Their Use (pg. 7-27) | |
| Accounting for Leases (pg. 7-27) | |
| Capital Asset Impairment (pg. 7-29) | |
| Pensions and Other Postemployment Benefits (pg. 7-29) | |
| Including Fiduciary Activities (pg. 7-30) | |
| Reporting Changes in Net Position versus Comprehensive Income (pg. 7-30) | |
| Concluding Comments (pg. 7-31) | |
|  Questions (pg. 7-31) | |
| Multiple Choice  (pg. 7-32) | |
| Exercises  (pg. 7-34) | |
|  Problems (pg. 7-37) | |
|  Solutions to Chapter 7 In-Chapter Review Questions (pg. 7-41) | |
| Chapter 8: Fiduciary Funds (pg. 8-1) | |
| Overview of Employer Government Pension and OPEB Accounting (pg. 8-3) | |
| Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans (pg. 8-3) | |
| Pension and OPEB Plans (pg. 8-4) | |
| Structure of Plans (pg. 8-5) | |
| The Role of Actuaries (pg. 8-5) | |
| External and Internal Defined Benefit Plans (pg. 8-6) | |
| Computing the Pension and OPEB Liability for Defined Benefit Plans (pg. 8-6) | |
| Computing Pension and OPEB Expense and Related Deferrals (pg. 8-9) | |
| Computing the Employer Pension and OPEB Liability for Defined Contributions (pg. 8-12) | |
| Determining the Pension and OPEB Contribution (pg. 8-13) | |
| Pension and OPEB Note Disclosures (pg. 8-13) | |
| Pension Trust Funds (pg. 8-14) | |
| Closing Entry (pg. 8-17) | |
| Financial Statements Illustration (pg. 8-18) | |
| Financial Reporting for Defined Contribution Plans (pg. 8-18) | |
| Investment Trust Funds (pg. 8-23) | |
| Fund Overview (pg. 8-23) | |
| Summary of Investment Trust Fund Activities (pg. 8-24) | |
| Control of Fund Activities (pg. 8-24) | |
| Accounting for Investment Trust Fund Activities (pg. 8-24) | |
| Financial Statements Illustration (pg. 8-26) | |
| Private-Purpose Trust Funds (pg. 8-28) | |
| Fund Overview (pg. 8-28) | |
| Summary of Private-Purpose Trust Fund Activities (pg. 8-29) | |
| Accounting for Private-Purpose Trust Fund Activities (pg. 8-29) | |
| Financial Statements Illustration (pg. 8-30) | |
| Custodial Funds (pg. 8-32) | |
| Fund Overview (pg. 8-32) | |
| Accounting for Custodial Fund Activities (pg. 8-33) | |
| Financial Statements Illustration (pg. 8-35) | |
|  Questions (pg. 8-37) | |
|  Multiple Choice (pg. 8-37) | |
|  Exercises (pg. 8-39) | |
|  Problems (pg. 8-41) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 8 In-Chapter Review Questions  (pg. 8-44) | |
| Chapter 9: Reporting Principles and Preparation of Fund Financial Statements (pg. 9-1) | |
| Overview Of Financial Reporting (pg. 9-3) | |
| Content of the CAFR—an Overview (pg. 9-5) | |
| Minimum External Financial Reporting Requirements (pg. 9-7) | |
| The Financial Reporting Entity (pg. 9-8) | |
| Defining the Financial Reporting Entity (pg. 9-8) | |
| Reporting Component Units in the Reporting Entity’s Financial Statements (pg. 9-11) | |
| Related Organizations, Joint Ventures, Jointly Governed Organizations (pg. 9-13) | |
| Preparing Management’s Discussion and Analysis (pg. 9-14) | |
| Preparing Fund Financial Statements (pg. 9-16) | |
| General Comments (pg. 9-16) | |
| Fund Financial Statements—Governmental Funds (pg. 9-18) | |
| Fund Financial Statements—Proprietary Funds (pg. 9-23) | |
| Fund Financial Statements—Fiduciary Funds (pg. 9-24) | |
| Preparing Notes to the Financial Statements (pg. 9-25) | |
| Significant Accounting Policies (pg. 9-25) | |
| Stewardship, Compliance, and Accountability (pg. 9-26) | |
| Deposits and Investments (pg. 9-26) | |
| Capital Assets and Long-Term Debt (pg. 9-27) | |
| Interfund Transfers and Balances (pg. 9-28) | |
| Pensions and Other Postemployment Benefits (OPEB) (pg. 9-29) | |
| Preparing Required Supplementary Information (pg. 9-30) | |
| Budgetary Comparison Schedules (pg. 9-30) | |
| Pension and Other Employee Benefit Information (pg. 9-32) | |
| Infrastructure Asset Information (pg. 9-33) | |
| Preparing the Statistical Section (pg. 9-34) | |
|  Questions (pg. 9-37) | |
|  Multiple Choice (pg. 9-37) | |
| Exercises  (pg. 9-40) | |
|  Problems (pg. 9-43) | |
| Continuing Problem  (pg. 9-44) | |
| Chapter 9 Case Studies  (pg. 9-44) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 9 In-Chapter Review Questions  (pg. 9-46) | |
| Chapter 10: Government-Wide Financial Statements (pg. 10-1) | |
| Fund Financial Statements are the Starting Point for Government-Wide Statements (pg. 10-3) | |
| Focus and Format of Government-Wide Statements (pg. 10-3) | |
| The Government-Wide Statement of Net Position (pg. 10-4) | |
| The Government-Wide Statement of Activities (pg. 10-8) | |
| Interfund and Internal Service Fund Balances and Activity (pg. 10-12) | |
| Interfund Receivables and Payables (pg. 10-12) | |
| Preparing Government-Wide Financial Statements—Overview (pg. 10-14) | |
| Process for Preparing Government-Wide Statements (pg. 10-14) | |
| Discussion of Adjustments for Government-Wide Statements (pg. 10-15) | |
| Creating Government-Wide Financial Statements from Fund Financial Data: Comprehensive Illustration (pg. 10-20) | |
| Opening Balances, Transactions, and Events (pg. 10-20) | |
| Journal Entries to Record Transactions in Funds (pg. 10-21) | |
| Preclosing Trial Balances and Fund Financial Statements (pg. 10-23) | |
| Adjustments for Preparing Government-Wide Statements (pg. 10-24) | |
| Preparing Government-Wide Financial Statements and Reconciliations (pg. 10-27) | |
| Capital Assets, Including Infrastructure Assets (pg. 10-31) | |
| Reporting on Infrastructure Assets (pg. 10-32) | |
| Capital Asset Accounting (pg. 10-33) | |
|  Questions (pg. 10-35) | |
|  Multiple Choice (pg. 10-35) | |
| Exercises  (pg. 10-38) | |
|  Problems (pg. 10-41) | |
| Continuing Problem  (pg. 10-44) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 10 In-Chapter Review Questions  (pg. 10-44) | |
| Chapter 11: Analysis of Financial Statements and Financial Condition (pg. 11-1) | |
| Financial Reporting: A Financial Analysis Perspective (pg. 11-3) | |
| Statement of Net Position (pg. 11-3) | |
| Statement of Revenues, Expenditures/Expenses, and Changes in Fund Balance/Net Position (pg. 11-4) | |
| Notes to Statements, Required Supplementary Information, MD&A, and Statistical Data (pg. 11-4) | |
| An Approach to Financial Statement and Financial Condition Analysis (pg. 11-5) | |
| Converting Data to More Useful Formats (pg. 11-5) | |
| Time-Series Analysis (pg. 11-6) | |
| Comparative Analysis (pg. 11-6) | |
| Analyzing Governmental Financial Statements (pg. 11-7) | |
| Liquidity Indicators (pg. 11-8) | |
| Asset Turnover or Efficiency Indicators (pg. 11-11) | |
| Budget Solvency and Operating Results Indicators (pg. 11-12) | |
| Debt Burden and Employee Benefit Obligation Indicators (pg. 11-16) | |
| Governmental Financial Condition Assessment (pg. 11-24) | |
| Economic and Demographic Environment (pg. 11-25) | |
| Other Factors Affecting Financial Condition Assessment (pg. 11-27) | |
| Questions  (pg. 11-28) | |
| Multiple Choice  (pg. 11-28) | |
|  Exercises (pg. 11-29) | |
|  Problems (pg. 11-33) | |
|  Solutions to Chapter 11 In-Chapter Review Questions (pg. 11-37) | |
| Chapter 12: Federal Government Accounting and Reporting (pg. 12-1) | |
| Federal Government Accounting And Reporting Overview (pg. 12-3) | |
| The Accounting and Financial Reporting Structure (pg. 12-3) | |
| The Budget Process (pg. 12-4) | |
| Consolidated U.S. Government Financial Statements (pg. 12-6) | |
| GAAP, Basis of Accounting, and Fund Structure (pg. 12-6) | |
| Financial Statements—Year Ended September 30, 2016 (pg. 12-8) | |
| The Federal Accounting and Financial Reporting Model (pg. 12-12) | |
| The Budgetary Accounting Track (pg. 12-13) | |
| The Proprietary Accounting Track (pg. 12-15) | |
| Accounting Standards (pg. 12-15) | |
| Recording Transactions and Events (pg. 12-17) | |
| 1. Recording the Authority to Spend (pg. 12-18) | |
| 2. Accounting for Acquisition and Use of Materials (pg. 12-18) | |
| 3. Accounting for Salaries Paid and Accrued (pg. 12-20) | |
| 4. Accounting for Other Types of Expenses (pg. 12-21) | |
| 5. Year-End Adjusting Entries (pg. 12-22) | |
| 6. Trial Balance and Closing Entries (pg. 12-23) | |
| Federal Agency Financial Reporting (pg. 12-25) | |
| Questions  (pg. 12-30) | |
|  Multiple Choice (pg. 12-31) | |
| Exercises  (pg. 12-32) | |
| Problems  (pg. 12-34) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 12 In-Chapter Review Questions  (pg. 12-36) | |
| Chapter 13: Accounting for Nonprofit Organizations (pg. 13-1) | |
| Characteristics of Not-For-Profit Organizations (pg. 13-3) | |
| Source of Accounting and Financial Reporting Guidance for Nonprofits (pg. 13-4) | |
| Financial Reporting for Nonprofits (pg. 13-4) | |
| Objectives of Nonprofit Financial Reporting (pg. 13-4) | |
| Reporting on Restrictions and Classes of Net Assets (pg. 13-5) | |
| Statement of Financial Position or Balance Sheet (pg. 13-6) | |
| Statement of Activities (pg. 13-9) | |
| Statement of Cash Flows (pg. 13-11) | |
| Reporting Expenses by Nature and Function—Statement of Functional Expenses (pg. 13-14) | |
| Contributions Other Than Services and Collections (pg. 13-14) | |
| General Rule (pg. 13-14) | |
| Unrestricted Contributions (pg. 13-14) | |
| Contributions with Donor-Imposed Restrictions (pg. 13-16) | |
| Accounting for Reclassifications (pg. 13-17) | |
| Unconditional Promises to Give (Pledges) (pg. 13-19) | |
| Conditional Promises to Give (pg. 13-20) | |
| Contributed Services and Collection Items (pg. 13-21) | |
| Contributed Services (pg. 13-21) | |
| Contributions to Collections (pg. 13-22) | |
| Investments and Split-Interest Agreements (pg. 13-23) | |
| Fair Value Reporting and Investment Gains and Losses (pg. 13-23) | |
| Investment Disclosures (pg. 13-25) | |
| Investment Income (pg. 13-25) | |
| Split-Interest Agreements (pg. 13-25) | |
| Reporting Exchange Revenues and Other Matters (pg. 13-26) | |
| Exchange Transactions and Nonprofits (pg. 13-26) | |
| Subscription and Membership Income (pg. 13-28) | |
| Depreciation Expense (pg. 13-28) | |
| Fundraising Expenses (pg. 13-29) | |
| Providing Information about Nonprofit Liquidity (pg. 13-30) | |
| Fund Accounting in Nonprofits (pg. 13-31) | |
| Types of Funds (pg. 13-31) | |
| Interfund Transfers (pg. 13-32) | |
| Interfund Receivables and Payables (pg. 13-33) | |
| Illustration Using Funds (pg. 13-33) | |
| Appendix: 13A: Nonprofit Colleges and Universities (pg. 13-39) | |
| Nonprofit Colleges and Universities (pg. 13-40) | |
| Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Colleges and Universities (pg. 13-40) | |
| Notes to the Financial Statements (pg. 13-41) | |
| Questions (pg. 13-44) | |
| Multiple Choice (pg. 13-45) | |
| Exercises (pg. 13-47) | |
| Problems (pg. 13-49) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 13 In-Chapter Review Questions (pg. 13-55) | |
| Chapter 14: Accounting for Health Care Organizations (pg. 14-1) | |
| Health Care Service Providers (pg. 14-3) | |
| Sources of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (pg. 14-4) | |
| Financial Reporting Framework (pg. 14-4) | |
| Patient Service Revenues (pg. 14-6) | |
| Nature of Hospital Payment Systems (pg. 14-6) | |
| New Recognition Requirements (pg. 14-7) | |
| Accounting for Patient Service Revenues (pg. 14-7) | |
| Illustration (pg. 14-8) | |
| Accounting for Capitation Premiums (pg. 14-10) | |
| Notes to Financial Statements Regarding Revenue Recognition and Charity Care (pg. 14-11) | |
| Contributions, Gains, and Investment Income (pg. 14-12) | |
| Unrestricted Contributions and Contributed Supplies (pg. 14-12) | |
| Contributed Services (pg. 14-12) | |
| Donor-Restricted Contributions (pg. 14-13) | |
| Contributions Received by a Nonprofit Hospital’s Foundation (pg. 14-13) | |
| Governmental Hospital Foundations (pg. 14-14) | |
| Transactions Creating Assets Limited as to Use (pg. 14-15) | |
| Other Revenues, Gains, and Operating Support (pg. 14-15) | |
| Investment Income (pg. 14-16) | |
| Operating Expenses and Medical Malpractice Claims (pg. 14-17) | |
| Operating Expenses (pg. 14-17) | |
| Medical Malpractice Claims (pg. 14-18) | |
| Hospital Financial Statements (pg. 14-19) | |
| Balance Sheet (pg. 14-21) | |
| Statements of Operations and Changes in Net Assets (pg. 14-25) | |
| Statement of Cash Flows (pg. 14-28) | |
|  Questions (pg. 14-29) | |
|  Multiple Choice (pg. 14-29) | |
|  Exercises (pg. 14-31) | |
|  Problems (pg. 14-33) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 14 In-Chapter Review Questions  (pg. 14-38) | |
| Chapter 15: Fundamentals of Accounting (pg. 15-1) | |
| The Accounting Equation: Transaction Analysis (pg. 15-3) | |
| Effect of Transactions and Events on the Accounting Equation (pg. 15-4) | |
| Changes in Equity (pg. 15-4) | |
| The Accrual Basis of Accounting (pg. 15-9) | |
| Accruals, Deferrals, and Amortizations (pg. 15-10) | |
| The Matching Process (Mike Ledger Illustration) (pg. 15-10) | |
| Recording Transactions: Debits and Credits (pg. 15-11) | |
| Journals, Ledgers, and Accounts (pg. 15-11) | |
| Double-Entry Accounting—Debits and Credits (pg. 15-12) | |
| Debit and Credit Analysis (pg. 15-12) | |
| A More Complete Look at the Transaction Recording Process (pg. 15-17) | |
| The Ledger and Posting (pg. 15-18) | |
| Financial Statements (pg. 15-22) | |
| The Accounting Cycle (pg. 15-22) | |
| The Trial Balance (pg. 15-22) | |
| Adjusting Entries (pg. 15-22) | |
| Preparing Financial Statements (pg. 15-23) | |
| Financial Statement Worksheet (pg. 15-24) | |
| Closing the Books (pg. 15-25) | |
| Other Transactions and Other Matters (pg. 15-27) | |
| Withdrawals by the Owner (pg. 15-27) | |
| Control and Subsidiary Accounts (pg. 15-27) | |
| Credit Sales and Bad Debts (pg. 15-27) | |
| Buying and Selling Merchandise (pg. 15-28) | |
|  Questions (pg. 15-29) | |
| Multiple Choice  (pg. 15-30) | |
|  Exercises (pg. 15-31) | |
|  Problems (pg. 15-35) | |
| Solutions to Chapter 15 In-Chapter Review Questions  (pg. 15-38) | |
| INDEX (pg. 15-42) | |
Terry Patton
Robert Madera Distinguished Professor of Accounting and Chair of the Accounting, Management Information Systems, and Legal Studies Department of the Dillard College of Business Administration at Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas
He received his bachelor’s degree from Midwestern State University, a master’s degree from the University of North Texas, and a PhD from Texas Tech University. He teaches governmental and nonprofit accounting, as well as auditing.
Dr. Patton began his career in public accounting, where he audited local governments. Later, he served as a project manager and as the research manager for the Governmental Accounting Standards Board. He has coauthored a governmental accounting book for practitioners, Guide to Governmental Financial Reporting Model: Implementing GASBS No. 34, and another governmental accounting textbook published by Pearson Prentice Hall.
He has published articles in the Accounting Review, Accounting Horizons, the Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, and the Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting, and Financial Management, among others. Dr. Patton regularly speaks to accounting professionals on state and local governmental accounting topics.
Dr. Patton has served as a board member on numerous nonprofit boards of directors. Currently, he serves on the board of the BBB Serving North Central Texas. He is also a board member and chair of United Regional Healthcare System and the Wichita Falls Alliance for Arts and Culture.
Suesan Patton
National Director of Quality Initiatives for UHY LLP. Mrs. Patton also currently serves as a member of the Association of Government Accountants Financial Management Standards Board.
Most of Mrs. Patton’s career has been spent in standards-setting, beginning as a Manager with the American Institute of CPAs Accounting Standards Division and continuing with a 15-year stint with the Governmental Accounting Standards Board as a Senior Project Manager. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature with a Concentration in Accounting from the University of Cincinnati. For several years, she was the principal author of two PPC Thomson practitioner guides on governmental accounting and financial reporting—Preparing Governmental Financial Statements under GASBS No. 34 and Governmental Financial Statement Illustrations and Trends.
Martin Ives
Martin Ives, MBA, CPA (inactive), CGFM (retired), CIA , served for 16 years as Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Public Administration at New York University’s Wagner Graduate School of Public Service.
Before entering the academic world, Mr. Ives was Vice Chair and Director of Research of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board, First Deputy Comptroller of the City of New York, Deputy Comptroller of the State of New York, and a member of the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board.
In addition to this text, Mr. Ives is the author of the textbook Assessing Municipal Financial Condition, coauthor of the textbook Government Performance Audit in Action, and coauthor of Program Control and Audit and Financial Condition Analysis and Management. He has also written chapters for books on auditing and municipal finance, has authored about 30 articles for the Journal of Government Financial Management, the Journal of Accountancy, the Internal Auditor, the Municipal Finance Journal, and other professional journals, and has spoken to numerous professional and civic organizations.
Mr. Ives was founding president of the Albany chapter of the Institute of Internal Auditors, president of the Capital District Chapter of the American Society for Public Administration, and a member of the founding board of the Association of Government Accountants’ Certified Government Financial Manager program. He has received many honors and awards, including the Public Service Award (Fund for the City of New York); the Governor Charles Evans Hughes Award (Capital District Chapter of the American Society for Public Administration); and the S. Kenneth Howard Award (Association for Budgeting and Financial Management). He has also been voted Adjunct of the Year by the students at NYU’s Wagner Graduate School.
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Errata Last Updated: Mar 4 2020 |
Identified corrections to the textbook. |
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CH 16 - Auditing Governmental and Nonprofit Organizations Last Updated: Jun 15 2020 |
PDF of supplemental Chapter 16: Auditing Governmental and Nonprofit Organizations |
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